ESP and Changed States of Consciousness Induced by Meditation

Reprinted from the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Volume 65 — January 1971 — Number I ESP and Changed States of Consciousness Induced by Meditation Karuis Osis AND Epwin Boxkert! ABSTRACT: An experiment based upon a theoretical model was designed to exgleve ie relationship between ESP processes and changed states of consciousness i by meditation. A pilot study and two experiments were performed over a three-year period. The changed states at each session were ascertained by means of scaled item questionnaires and free tape-recorded descriptions. Two tests were used: a closed circuit television version of Brugmans’ test and a slide test, The question- naire responses were factor analyzed and three stable replicated factors obtained; one additional factor was partially replicated. Factor scores of the stable factors, self. and openness in particular, were found to be associated with ESP. However, the “gating” of ESP to consciousness (as psi-hitting or as_psi- missing) often was not swayed by the changed states processes and followed indi- vidual patterns. ‘THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS Cases of ESP in Self-Induced Changed States of Consciousness In the folklore of East and West, ESP has always been assoc- iated with changed states of consciousness. In the West, mediums and mystics have done their divinations in trance-like states which appear to be quite different from ordinary states of consciousness. In modern times Mrs. Upton Sinclair, the wife of the famous novel- ist, developed concentration techniques which proved very effective in producing ESP to order (20). Unfortunately, parapsychologists have not learned how to teach these skills to their subjects, so no modern laboratory experiment can boast of comparable results. In the Far East, the yogis and Zen masters have worked out methods for inducing changed states of consciousness which they claim will bring paranormal abilities up to the level of awareness. 1 We acknowledge our gratitude to the many individuals who made this experi- ment possible, The impetus of the basic ideas and main support came from Mr. and rp vere F. Carlson. Dr. Gardner Murphy provided guidance in many phases of our wo We are grateful to the consultants who helped us clarify and enrich the per- spectives involved in our investigation, among them Dr. Alice Bryan, Dr. Walter Houston Clark, Dr. Elmer Green, Dr. Samson, Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler, Dr. Huston Smith, Dr. Ian Stevenson, Dr. Charles Tart, Dr. Thomas Todd, and Dr. Malcolm Turner. To our colleagues at the A.S.P.R. who worked so diligently on the project we owe a ial note of thanks: Miss Mary Lou Carlson, Mrs. Vera Feldman, Dr, and Mrs. Robert Leslie, Miss Janet Mitchell, and Mrs. Marian Nester. And finally, our warm appreciation to all the people who took part so enthusiastic- ally in our meditation groups.

18 Yournal of the American Society for Psychical Research Our studies of the lives of religious leaders of the East turned up a wealth of ESP anecdotes associated with them. It seems clear that Ramakrishna (17) used ESP in the process of interacting with his disciples, especially to induce changes in their states of con- sciousness. It is recorded that he once “saw” his chief disciple, Vivekananda, by ESP long before they first met. It was reported that Ramana Maharshi, the prot for the guru in The Razor's Edge, had transferred his own experiences to his disciples by using silent concentration; or in other words, by psychic invasion (18). Many other such observations have been well documented, and although they are prescientific, they do indicate an area of investigation of great promise. Experiments Relevant to ESP in Changed States of Consciousness Psychical researchers concluded relatively early, in Myers’ time, that there is much more ESP available in the deeper strata of consciousness than manifests at the surface levels of awareness. They also identified changed states of consciousness, such as trance, hypnosis, and automatisms, as means of reaching these deeper strata. In fact, the research efforts of the classical period were a devoted to just that part of the ESP information system: the “links” or “vehicles” between subconsciously acquired telepathic content and conscious awareness of it. In the carly states of modern parapsychology, the unconscious, or “elusive” nature of ESP was troublesome to researchers. In studying these effects, however, Rhine and his co-workers were able to derive important principles of the ESP processing system. Rhine (19) also indicated that incoming ESP signals were diverted either into psi-hitting or psi-missing on a subconscious level. Psi-missing could be due either to motivated mechanisms or to unmotivated cognitive errors such as dispersion and consistent missing. Although the evidence is far from conclusive, we feel it is more parsimonious to attribute all psi-missing to motivated error. The motivated unconscious mechanisms would operate a kind of bi-directional “switching system” which would switch incoming ESP information to a positive use—psi-hitting—or to a negative pai wating Consistent missing could then be interpreted in two p : first avoiding the real target, then choosing a substitute nse in a fixed manner. in effort to bypass these problems entirely was made by Dean 4) in his plethysmograph experiments. He used changes in blood volume as an indicator of ESP. Such physiological responses are clearly outside of conscious awareness. there has been some excellent work which specifically ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 19 relates ESP to changed states of consciousness. But the emphasis has always been placed on states of low arousal, states which are fragmented or dissociated, and states which are not self-directed. Examples of this research are Ullman and Krippner's studies of ep and dreams (23) and Tart’s work with hypnosis (21). We feel there is also much to be learned from studying changed states such as those aimed for by meditation techniques. Our interviews with psychics, creative artists, and persons who practice meditation strongly indicated the need for a study of highly ’ holistic states, where the resources of the entire person- ality seem to be mobilized in integrated action. Optimal States of Consciousness for ESP: A Heuristic Model _ Before describing more fully the oo of meditation and our =x investigations, we would like to give a theoretical model of ESP processing on which this deemeions can be based. Of course, there are many more gaps than bridges in our parapsy- chological knowledge and our model is an incomplete one which will primarily be of heuristic value in guiding the design of these Fe tite. and for understanding their results. In this model Pig. 1) the system consists of two basic parts: the external channel, the own X factor, which connects the percipient and agent; and the internal processing. The channel has been relatively neglected in parapsychology. It is the medium which enables a reaching out” to the source of information, or target, sometimes over thousands of miles, and is clearly a factor extending outside the human organism's boundaries. It is the “para” part of the paranormal. The internal processing, on the other hand, is located within the human organism. Our experiments focus on the internal processing. Our model of the internal processing of ESP consists of three € areas: activation of search (A); reception and assimilation of into meaningful information (B); and the processing of this information (C,D,E). Also presented are three of the possible outputs of this processing: psi-hitting, psi-missing, and blocking (F). Activation (Ay: For ESP, activation is basically a subconscious Process, ve oosely connected with conscious control; we seldom can “will” ESP— it just happens when the conscious and subcon- scious Spang play 5, pac oo epee part enables clear n experimen 8, while the preconscious carries the ESP through. Activation is at least a amierigoed Na (a) Initiating the search, “addressing,” or locating in the outside world the sources of information needed, (6) activating the external signaling system (the ESP channel), and (c) activating the receptors.

Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Fig. 1. Model for ESP information processing. Re on and assimilation (B): ‘To convert external signals into information, at least the following are necessary: (a) Acti- the receptor isms, in a process analogous to the tion and adaptation of sensory systems in normal perception. involves a tuning in of the receptors to the external channel the information source selected. (5) Assimilating the signals ning! information. We will not be concerned with the on process in this paper. wa filter (C): This is the first of the three subsystems process the “cosimilat ” usable information. Its purpose rotect the organism from information overload. The problem ncy, or the meaningfulness for the organism of the stimuli, een central to chology. We postulate a mechanism ‘screens out Setsleviar t information: the relevancy filter, which tightened or relaxed, filter (D): The concept of perceptual defenses has been out i - Likewise, threatening or pai ESP i . There are cases where ig to death or injury are processed to awareness because ir relevancy, but they may suffer distortion. We postulate se subsystem of information-processing a defense filter may block threatening or painful information. The tightness of the filter would depend on the general attitude of or defensiveness, and on the relevance of the information—painful relevant information might pass. Gating mechanism (E) This third postulated subsystem of iformati processing is a much more complex process than the discussed above, which simply either pass or block informa- Psychology has discovered a process called “gating” which ‘may either remold, distort, or transform information before admitting it, or channel it directly to awareness. ESP uses such channels as displacement, automatisms, b prhaparzaahe etc. We include in the model only the outputs (F) o the gating mechanism which are most relevant to experimental ESP in changed states: psi-hitting, psi-missing, and psi-blocking. There are many factors which may influence the gating mechanism to channel ESP in a a direction. We will here just mention one which seemed t ie important in the experiments to be described later: task rivalry. a subject has two different types of ESP tasks to perform, May sometimes respond with psi-hitting to the liked task and psi-missi to the disliked one. Task rivalry can also produce pore Ay liked task is an activity in the experiment other than the ESP test and the disliked task is the ESP test. Can one specify, within the framework of our model, the kind > A } ae

= 22 fournal of the American Society for Psychical Research states of consciousness which will be favorable for ESP? In i rt oe experiments, we were guided by the four following 1. That successful ESP requires a state of consciousness which increases integration and smooth co-functioning between the subsystems of personality of our model. Especially, increased interaction—even fusing—between conscious and subconscious would be favorable to ESP. : 2. That consciousness and the information processing system (C,D,E) must be relatively quiescent: over-bombardment with ee or internal sensory stimulation and thoughts will block the of the ESP information to consciousness and increase the necessity for tighter filtering of incoming signals for relevancy and essness, i 3. That situations and attitudes which enable a nondefensive openness both to one’s own depths (subconscious) and also to what is other than oneself (Murphy’s “openness to the internal and external world’) are necessary for good ESP tion. Such attitudes and situations would favorably influence the “gating and tend to open the filters, Environment experienced as threatening or aggressive would probably be filtered out unless it was extremely relevant, ¢.g., a8 in crisis situations. Environment experienced as harmless and to which the organism turned, so to speak, with love and joy, would be optimal for ESP reception. — , 4. That ESP activation (A) and reception (B) mechanisms probably need to be sensitized and attuned to the external factors of ESP channels, whatever they might be. This seems to be facili- tated by the feeling of loosening self-boundaries. A feeling of being connected with the environment and attuned, even loving, rather than being an island with a strong demarcation around the self, would be an ideal state for ESP reception. The Induction of Optimal States of Consciousness for ESP Arousal Anecdotal cases and experimental studies have suggested that states of consciousness which differ from the ordinary, everyday manner in which one experiences himself and the world about him may be more effective in peste ie Foal prose —. aa creative artists, mainly painters, produ escriptions of a of creative arousal sidehiceny be optimal for ESP and which filled many of the requirements of our model. However, it proved impos- sible in practice to get an artist to perform ESP tests when he was in the “white heat” of creation. When the Muse comes in, the artist wants body out of his studio so that he can paint furiously. Changed states of consciousness induced by meditation also seem ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 23 » be ideal for ESP in terms of the model, and to be much more ble to research. Maslow’sstudy of so-called“ peak experiences” 3) and our own studies of the literature of meditation and religious xperiences indicate that certain kinds of states produced by medi- come close to this optimal state. We have already referred to dition of psychic occurrences in the lives of practitioners of neditation pees West. ioe ee that we conducted ith persons who appear to have had uent ESP experiences indicated a relationship between ESP and peak experiences uced by means of meditation. _ Meditation techniques based on what is commonly called “stilling the mind,” such as Zen and raja yoga, appear to decrease the ordinary, everyday preoccupations and noise level of the onscious mind. They also seem to produce greater wholeness and integration between the conscious primary and secondary pro- esses.* Both yoga and Zen strongly discourage reliance on intel- ectualization, on relating to things only through our concepts of m. Self-boundaries also a pear to be loosened in these states: the external is felt to be sonnadiig intimately close, meaningful, and valued. Some meditation states seem to be characterized by strong arousal and intensity of experiencing, while others are states of quit ce, tranquility, and peace. It would seem so far that “Meditation states of cither kind are rather ideally fitted to facilitate Of activation of the ESP information system as well as the functioning of the other internal processing mechanisms. However, when we considered the “relevancy filter” of our model, we felt there might be some difficulties. Psychic experiences seem to be common during mystical states, but mystical tradition has usually downgraded them, sometimes even to the point where are prohibited. Perhaps ESP signals from such “‘trivialities” as tests would simply not pass through the relevancy filter of the meditator. Another difficulty is the fragility of the meditational states. They seem to evaporate if interrupted by the secondary ae, of task-oriented attitudes which are of course n ESP testing. There was a likelihood that our tests would not be able to catch the whole of this quickly evaporating state. There are many kinds of meditational techniques which induce changed states of consciousness and which permit an individual to transcend his usual organization of experience around his own ego needs. The experience which is the goal of meditation, however, is still practically nameless in psychology, although beginnings have been made in experimental psychology by Deikman (5), Kamiya processes in this context should mean mentation of a predominantly feeling, conative, visionary, and intuitive nature. Secondary processes, we assume, are more ego-related, intellectual mentation,

24 Yournal of the American Society for Psychical Research (10), Kasamatsu and Hirai (11) and others. Personality theory is also only beginning to ple with such experiences, ¢.g., Murphy (16), Maslow (13), and Allport (1). In parapsychology, LeShan has introduced concepts derived from peak riences and mystical literature (12). However, his efforts are still basically philosophical, with some empirical underpinning. Our experiments, as far as we know, are the first systematic attempts to apply scientific methods to relate to ESP these little-understood experiences which are as exciting and unusual as ESP itself. Tue EXPERIMENTS Selection of Subjects Questionnaires asking about peak and ESP experiences were distributed during A.S.P.R. lectures. Persons Saponsing posktieey were invited to group interviews, as were A.S.P.R. members whose iences had come to our attention in other ways. Subjects were Sslecnd who reported during the screening interview: (a) a history of ostensible psychical experiences and (b) spontancous or self- induced changed states of consciousness. Groups of six to eight individuals were formed, carefully selected for compatibility. The majority were female; their ages ranged from twenty-five to sixty-five, with the higher age-bracket predominating. Their education varied from no higher education to Ph.D. degrees. Professionally they were active in psychology, physics, engineering, education, social work, music, art, writing, and other fields. Care was taken to select subjects from various religious back- grounds: a Unitarian, a person who had experienced Zen enlight- enment, a practitioner of yoga, a Quaker, a reformed Jew, a Catholic, a member of the New Thought Movement, etc. We strove for this heterogencity of belief background in order to decrease the influence of particular belief systems on the experi- mental data. Emphasis was placed on the experiential goals of the meditational practice. We also tried to select subjects to whom meditation was a kind of quest for meaning and growth in their lives. We did not select subjects whose only acquaintance with changed states was through psychedelic drugs, nor those whose methods of inducing peak experiences were based on sensory bombardment techniques (arousing cult-music, chanting, vigorous dance movements, etc.). Meditational Procedure The groups met weekly in two-hour sessions over a six-month period of time. The sessions began with a short period of social- SP and Changed States of Consciousness 25 g, during which coffee and tea were served. Each subject then his “mood” on a specially designed questionnaire (see ndix 1A). Next, agent and percipient roles were assigned in the tasks to be performed after the meditation. In the first few ngs of a group a subject might try several roles, but after that uld usually take the same role each time. The absence of a ) member might cause one of the others to shift roles for that o establish a set for the meditation, K.O. would suggest that ‘ zp siweain by trying to experience a senac of Cloecoass, 8 g of oneness, with the other members of the group. Often a quotation from the meditation literature or a poem was read. the room was darkened and a silent period of one-half hour jects were told to “do their own thing,” to follow the medi- “Tea which they had found to be personally meaningful effective. Some used Zen and Raja yoga methods, while others d self-hypnosis, depth imagery, or renoebren eSeng ia / postures were suggested which emphasized the straight spine D oseie air musculature. Most ies sat in chee, tine some erre or yoga sitting postures. The amount of light in the darkened room was adjusted to group preference: from ate dim lighting, where the outlines of the bodies seated in the chairs could be discerned, to total darkness where nothing could be seen. In no case was there enough light in the room to permit vision of color or any details of facial expression. Most subjects preferred to close their eyes in meditation, but those trained in Zen techniques iret pes open, their gate resting s few fect in front of them on . hrough sie peers subjects wan exes to change heir ordinary, everyday manner of experiencing themselves and the world around them. . Immediately following this half-hour meditation period, subjects participated in ESP tests, attempting to carry over the altered consciousness to the test situation. However, since the test equip- ment had to be used individually, some subjects had to wait until others were through. While waiting, subjects were instructed to continue their meditation. Finally, after performing the ESP tasks they completed a two-page questionnaire of psychological scales (Appendix 1B) and also tape-recorded subjective reports, later transcribed, of their meditation experiences. Design The research was divided into three parts: Pilot study (1967 data)

26 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Experiment I (1968 data Banden i Jaavary ie August 1969 data) The pilot study included fewer subjects and sessions, and fewer questionnaire items, than the 1968-69 experiments, Experiments I and II used the same basic procedure throughout. The Questionnaires The test instruments and procedures were developed in the pilot study. They included two questionnaires utilizing nine-point psychological scales: (a) Pre-session mood questionnaire. This was intended to take stock of the baseline mood from which the meditation took off. We found that the meditation could turn out quite differently depending on whether the subject was depressed or elated to start with; tired or full of vitality. Ba Post-session questionnaire. This proved to be much more cult to develop. It had to be broad enough to cover all the major kinds of experience subjects might have during meditation. It also had to focus on the main dimensions of meditational experience as they were described in the psychological and historical literature. At the same time we wanted to keep the questionnaire culture-free: experiential and free of terminology associated with any particular belief system or philosophy. In all our conversations with subjects we demonstrated a respectful attitude to all belief systems, but indicated that only the experiential qualities of the meditation were of interest in this experiment. We also tried to abstain from the more poetic terms used in the research literature of psychedelic drugs (“‘timelessness,” “‘spacelessness,” “‘ineffability,” etc.) as these seemed too amorphous and vague for a reasonably precise scientific instrument. Only nineteen questions were used in the pilot study. However, the subjects criticized some questions and felt that additional ones would be required to cover heir experiences fully, Discussions of the questionnaire were quite sophisticated, ially since some mem of the group were psychologists. The least effective questions were dropped and others were improved in formulation. New questions, designed to better articulate the phenomenology of the meditator’s experience, were introduced, bringing the total number to twenty-five. Although we have been aware of the need for some improvements and additional questions, we froze the ager emai in its present form for the last two experiments so uniform data could be obtained. SP and Changed States of Consciousness 27 The Television Test: In the carly twenties, Brugmans (2) and his ociates at the University of Groningen developed a test utilizing r automatisms, in which a blindfolded subject sat inside a ined pest and moved edges over a checkerboard outside noth ee agents watche ugh a window in the ceiling tried by ESP to guide the neeesbiedt's hand to the square which been as the target. They achieved remarkable success. C. T. Tart suggested to us that a closed-circuit television be used instead of the window in the ceiling, and we decided try it. We used a matrix of 25 squares made of 2” x 2" tiles, that the subject could feel their location with his fingertips, should he so desire. We choose a 5 x 5 matrix because based on it, Dr. Remi Cadoret, with the aid of the statisticians Greenwood and Turner, had developed an efficient system for scoring hits and ar misses (3). This system was based upon the distance between ae centers of the squares, and could also be adapted for scoring i-missing. Thus if the subject chooses a square very near to the target, it results in a certain psi-hitting score, and if he chooses a _ - the opposite end of the matrix a certain psi-missing score ‘ result. _ The targets were randomized prior to the experiment and placed on a rotary “memory drum” in the sending room. The experimenter who sat near De pescipaent and recorded his responses was, of course, ignorant of the target sequence, The percipient sat in the room where the meditation had taken place, but moved to a seat behind a semicircular curtain next to one wall. The curtain was me to minimize distractions and to shield his eyes from the light. light was focused on the matrix of tiles, which was set on a table before him. His arm reached to the tiles from under the orem and the TV camera was centered above the matrix and his At the other end of the building, the agent used the TV monitor to watch the percipient’s hand moving over the matrix. A video- i nse square upon position of the response Square on the matrix, If it is in the center, no can be far away, and the theoretical mean distance will be small. fit be in one comer, the target Sarre Oey bee Greve as the corner, and mean distance ey sation Bore y sub actual between the target and oy, apo he theoretical mean from Tesponse square, we obtain an score with a positive sign if the actual distance is smaller and a score with ng artitae age lngeb geen a is sprils which receive & positive soos totaled ve psi-hitting score for run; trials with a dre totaled to give the pal-enlasiag ucoce run een

28 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research tape machine in the sending room recorded the motions of the percipient’s hand. To help himself concentrate on the target the agent placed a red chip on the correct square of a small 5 x 5 matrix. He then watched the television screen and tried to guide the percipient’s hand to the chosen target square. The percipient was instructed to try to maintain the meditative state: not to think consciously about the location of the target, but rather to “surrender” his hand to the agent, in the manner of an autom- atism. Each percipient did a run of ten trials per meditation session. Between trials he rested his hand for five to ten seconds. He indicated his selection of a square for each trial by tapping it three times. The TV test was the only ESP test used in our pilot series, and was the test used by most subjects in the later experiments. The Slide Test: The other ESP test used slides. They were selected from a large collection of photographs and art pictures and categorized by content. * ictures which were too complex or oven “busy” were elimi- nated. The collection totaled over 800 slides. For subject an ap- propriate selection of at least 200 slides was made. We tried to adjust the selection to the idiosyncrasies of each person. Subjects were asked to indicate the content categories in which they were inter- ested. If in a previous iment a subject tended to repress or avoid slides with a certain kind of content, these were eliminated. The agent looked at the colored picture rojected on the wall; he was instructed simply to involve hi totally with the slide, to enjoy it, and from time to time to think about “sending” it to the percipient. The agent's role in the slide test was much less active than the role of the t in the television test. In another room percipient tried to get impressions of the picture. Percipients worked individually, and were able to set their own pace by pressing a remote-control switch to change the slides. Usually each percipient was “sent” five slides per session. Again the instructions were to maintain the meditative state; the lighting was as dim as could comfortably be used. The responses were made on white paper in the form of sketches and descriptions of what ar ae imagined the slide to be. e slide test was evaluated by blind judging. The judge took each session as a unit and, considering each slide tely, rank each of the responses from one to five in order of its similarity to the slide, The rank given to the response which had actually been made to the slide determined the ESP score for that trial. For ranks one through five the scores were, respectively, +2, +1, 0, —I, and «Photocopies of the slide target categories are available upon request to the ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 29 —2. Then all scores with a positive sign were totaled to give the psi-hitting score for the session, and those with a negative sign were totaled to give the psi-missing score.* _ For both the slide and television tests, we used feedback of results to the subjects as a means of motivation and of possible improveme: t in their ESP performance, Right after the experiment the slides used in the session were shown, and the participants in television test also reviewed their own results on the videotape ecording. Although we have not analyzed the results of feedback, ou ee eee reviews were often helpful in improving TT ‘ Resu.ts Our basic data consist of the descripti ject’ Our | ‘ ptions of each subject meditational experience for each session (questionnaire endiccinds id the taped reports) and the results of the ESP test taken imme- diately after the meditation session. Our first set of evaluations is devoted to the meditation data and is designed to assess the basic dimensions of the changed states induced by the meditational procedures described above. After this we will describe the relations we found between the ESP scores and these dimensions. Factor Analysis of the Data from the Changed States Questionnaires Inspection of the scale data showed unmistakably that the responses to some scales were strongly skewed, especially in some subjects. Logarithmic transformation of the item scores was suggested by our statistical advisors and was applied throughout our data. The ESP scores were not transformed. ments. It is widely used in psychology to ascertain basic personali characteristics, etc. Essentially, it groups the items (in our case, the psychological scales of both questionnaires) into natural clusters, or used: their lor psi-hitting ; 494 and their scores for psi-missing .295. In 1969 the two : i Tpalestion of the dus ons tas fac ccbect coe acd Nae mn chen Wine shape cae yr Fi pba, ar meg ba same a4 5 band or the be. land i E E)

30 Fournal of the American Society for Psychical Research factors, on the basis of intercorrelations. Then each item is weighted according to its importance for the factor by a quantity called reading,” which can have either a positive or a negative sign. The items with strong loadings are the descriptors of the factor. We used the Verimax orthogonal factor analysis method. nal factor analysis produces factors which do not correlate with each other; ie., they do not overlap, Harman (7) describes this of factor analysis. ‘actor analyses were performed for the pilot study and for the 1968 and 1969 experiments. Five rotated factors were obtained each year. For the factor analyses, the questionnaire data from all p members, including the two experimenters, were used. Syn if a member was not a subject in an ESP test for a session, his questionnaire data were included. The unit for the factor analysis was the subject session (individual subject’s scores on uestion- naires for each session). In the pilot study (1967) the analysis was taken from a sample of 12 subjects and 96 subject sessions. The 1968 data (Experiment I) represent a sample of 13 subjects and 197 subject sessions. At this time the total number of items on the post-session questionnaire was increased to 25, as described above, giving a total of 29 items on both questionnaires. The 1969 study (Experiment II) is a replication of the vious year. There was, again, some turnover of subjects. In addition, the meditation appeared to change as a result of personal growth of those subjects who remained. In 1969 the number of subjects grew to 25 and the number of subject sessions increased to 405. T' had been two meditation groups in 1967 and in 1968; in 1969 there were three groups. In the factor analyses and the treatment of the ESP results, data from the different groups for each year are pooled. We will present the factor loadings for each year's analysis in table form. The 1967 factor loadings are given in Appendix 2. Table | gives the loadings for the 1968 iment, and Table 2 the loadings for 1969. For the sake of simplicity, items with a smaller loading than .3 are excluded. The factor loadings tend to be smaller in 1969 than in the other two years because of the larger number of subject sessions on which the analysis is based. Therefore the 1969 factors appear to be more compact, relative to the 1967 and 1968 factors, is actually the case. The algebraic sign of the loading is important. Also of interest is the end of the scale which is mainly represented in the data. For example, the elation/depression scale would describe elated feelings if the subjects checked the elation end of the scale most of the time; it could also describe depression if the depression end of the scale was used predominantly. To show this, we are also including the mean score for each item in the tables. Since scores on the scales Table I Lack of awareness of noise srr pempairen ones Seeel enrichment after session Merging with others Factor II: Mood Brought to Session Freedom from anxiety Content with self Great vitality Spontancity Factor IV; Meaning Dimension Visual images relevant Dee Sigh . pi ts Deep insig Sense of presence Inner resources available Factor V: Intensification and Change of Consciousness Intensification of consciousness Oba ESP and Changed States of Consciousness Factor Descnirtions, Loapincs, AND MEANS 1968 Exrnniment 70 60 -54 33 AB Al 37 34 34 33 Saeatatalas Coach seeneast wn on PPPMOPw SAV VSD Bm at SE ot GSaCa mou Seesne cad wp ad ee Bead 31

32 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Table 2 Factor Descrirtions, Loapinos, AND MEANS 1969 Experiment Factor IV: Forceful Exclusion of Thoughts and Images Relaxation Affirmation of external Alertness Absence of visual images Serenity Factor V: General Success of Meditation Inner resources available Feeling it was a good session Few t ts i sustained on same level Serenity ) Refreshed after session can range from | to 9, a score of 5 would represent the neutral point between the two extremes. i In describing the results of the three factor analyses, emphasis will be placed upon those factors which were replicated in the two experimental years (1968 and 1969). We interpret the meaning of each factor on the basis of the data in Tables | and 2, and in the context of our qualitative data and theoretical considerations. The most stable rs were Self-Transcendence and Openness, Mood Brought to Session, and the Meaning Dimension. ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 33 ‘Self-Transcendence and Openness was the most stable factor appearing in our data on meditational experience. It was replicated each of the three years of factor analysis. The description or of this factor was suggested by the cluster of three items pading highly on the factor in the 1968 and 1969 experiments. 9 of the items were also present in a factor (Self-Transcendence nd Mood Brought to Session) in 1967. These items appeared to cribe various aspects of self-transcendence: a feeling oF toe i the others; a sense of closeness and unity with the members 0 group; and a feeling of oneness, as if the boundaries between hat is me and what is not me’’ were dissolving. A fourth item, loading less highly on the factor, also appeared in 1968 and 1969: the experience of strong feelings of love or joy. As a group, these items emerged as the most important basic dimensions of the c state of consciousness induced by meditation. There were, however, factor loadings in this basic dimension which varied from year to year. In the pilot study, the self-tran- -scendence items were negatively associated with items relating to the subjects’ pre-session mood. Following a change in 1968 in the ionnaire which sought to delineate more clearly and to increase number of the items related to the mood brought to the session, these items became an independent factor eg sibel associated with Self-Transcendence and Openness. In the first experimental year (1968), a number of items loaded highly on the Self-Transcendence and Openness factor which appeared to indicate the general success of the meditation: the feeling that it was a good session, relaxation, serenity, the avail- ability of inner resources, and a feeling of being re ed after the session. In 1969 these items were no longer associated with this factor, but became a factor in their own right. In 1969 two new items emerged with high loadings in the Self- Transcendence and Openness factor: a change in the individual’s way of experiencing, and a feeling of security. In the 1968 data these two items had loaded highly on another factor: Intensification and Change of Consciousness. What seemed to have occurred in 1969 was that the subjects now tended to associate a change in their way of experiencing with the basic dimension of Self-Tran- scendence and Openness. That is, they appeared to specify a particular direction of change in their way of experiencing, the direction being toward greater Self-Transcendence and Openness, Mood Brought to the Session In the 1968 and 1969 experiments, the pre-session mood became an independent, stable, and undiluted factor. In 1968, the four

34 Yournal of the American Society for Psychical Research questionnaire items relating to the individual’s mood prior to the meditation received high loadings on this factor: elation, content- ment with self, vitality, and feeling free from anxiety. The item of ntancity was also associated with this factor in 1968, but in 1969 factor reflected only the four items in the pre-session question- naire, A third basic, stable factor appearing first in 1968 and replicated in 1969 was the Meaning Dimension. The three highest individual factor loadings, which appear in the two experimental years, clearly describe the factor: the presence of visual imagery and thoughts relevant to the meditation and the emergence of deep insights. In 1968, but not in 1969, this cluster of items relating to meaning was mixed with items describing alertness, a sense of presence, and the availability of inner resources. Additional Factors The remaining factors emerging from our three years of factor were dimensions not replicated in the two experimental years. While three of these factors appeared both in the pilot study and in one of the two imental years, they cannot be considered to be strictly yy asap because of the change in the questionnaire. These three factors were: Intensification and Ch oe Consciousness, General Success of Meditation, and Stillness of ind. Intensification and Change of Consciousness This factor tended be mixed and diluted, containing items which appeared also in two other factors, It also appeared to be relatively unstable, since it was not replicated in 1969. In the pilot study the nature of the items with high factor loadings suggested a dimension which could be described as intensifying and changing the state of consciousness, as well as an increase in energy and alertness. In 1968 a number of new items were found to load heavily on this factor, creating a mixed, relatively diluted picture. Omitting from consideration those items which were also contained in other factors, there still remained three highly loaded items which oes to be essential to the factor and hence gave the factor its title: the intensification of consciousness, change in the way of experiencing, and the 1967 item of the uniqueness of the expe- P and Changed States of Consciousness 35 al Success of Meditation In the pilot study a factor emerged which consisted of items ibing, in a general way, whether the meditation did or did not go well. In 1968 the factor was not replicated. In 1969 a factor we again described as General Success of Meditation appeared, ‘with only a single item carried over from the pilot study factor (few ‘or many thoughts occurring during the meditation), It appears that ‘the General Success of Meditation factor is a mixed and unstable dimension. Stillness of Mind This relatively mixed factor appeared in the pilot study, was replicated in the 1968 experiment and partially replicated again in 1969. In the pilot study, factor loadings appeared to describe a serene state of consciousness in which the mind was withdrawn from the environment and there was an absence of visual imagery. Although the factor was replicated in 1968, there was a carry-over of only two highly loaded items (lack of awareness of noise and the absence of visual imagery). But the new items further underscored the description of the factor as Stillness of Mind. These new items were: few thoughts and the negatively loaded items of deep insights and perceptual changes or enrichment, Forceful Exclusion of Thoughts and Images This factor in the 1969 experiment partially replicates the factor of Stillness of Mind. Items related to the absence of visual imagery and alertness were again present as in the previous year. But a new quality is added to this: negative loadings on the items indicating Serenity, relaxation, and affirmation of the external. In other words, the stillness dimension is now coupled with feelings of tension, effort, and forcefulness. Stillness in 1969 was apparently associated with and achieved through disciplining of the mind, an effortful control of one’s mental activities. The subtle differences between this factor and the Stillness of Mind factor may reflect individual differences in the process of stilling the mind and subjective reactions to this process, Spontaneity and Enrichment This factor appeared only in the pilot study and was not repli- cated in either 1968 or 1969. The items with ne factor loadings describe a dimension eee of spontaneity of imagery, percep- tual enrichment, changes in the way of experiencing, and strong feelings of love or joy.

36 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research The Relationship of ESP to Changed States of Consciousness The 1967 pilot study provided too small a sample for the factor analysis data to correlate the ESP scores with factor scores. However, we did correlate the ESP scores with the scores on the question- naire items. Appendix 3 shows these correlations, with the items grouped by the factors in which they have heavy loadings. In this table are correlations with the ESP data from both the total subject sample (ten individuals, fifty-seven subject sessions), and from the seven individual subjects who had at least six ESP sessions (one run per session). The importance of psi-missing became cd et in this analysis. There are a large number of individual correlations with psi-missing and a very scant number with psi-hitting. In our analyses of the data from the 1968 and 1969 experiments, we used both psi-hitting and psi-missing, and also a method called “canonical correlation” to combine the psi-hitting and psi-missing effects. However, we kept the data from the two years separate and did not combine the data from the television test with the data from the slide test. Canonical correlation is described by Morrison (15) and also by Harman in his description of factor analysis (7). Canonical correlation is essentially similar to factor analysis. But instead of taking the correlations within one group of variables as determi- nants, canonical correlation takes as determinants the correlations between two groups of variables. In our case, the two groups are the dependent variables (psi-hitting and pet coiseing) and the independent variables (the five factors). Since there are two dependent variables, two new combinations of these ESP variables are possible. The first new combination (first canonical variable) combines psi-hitting and psi-missing in such a way as to express the maximum association with the five factors. The second combi- nation (second canonical variable) expresses the residuals of this association. The two new canonical variables do not overlap; that is, they are uncorrelated. The first canonical variable is of course the most important one, The second canonical variable was found to have no significant relationship with any of the factors, and thus can be dropped from further consideration, The theoretical basis for combining psi-hitting and psi-missing in a joint measure and iad this to independent variables is given by Turner and Osis ). The advantage of canonical correlation is not only that it reduces the two ESP variables, in effect, to one. This could have been done more simply by using the deviation from chance per subject session as a measure rather than separating psi-hitting and psi-missing on the different trials. This deviation from chance, however, is only and Changed States of Consciousness 37 me of an infinite number of possible combinations of psi-hitting ind psi-missing. Canonical correlation gives a measure (the first ical variable) which weights psi-hitting and psi-missing so as produce the closest association with the factors. It also produces ‘a measure, the canonical correlation coefficient, which expresses the total association between all of the independent variables and canonical “iy speakin Figuratively speaking, canonical correlation gives us a picture of the forest. But we also need to look at the Sea: We heed te see the differences in the effects of changed states of consciousness on psi-hitting and psi-missing. We want to look at the effects of the changed states on the total subject sample (pooled data from all subjects). Data from the slide test and the television test will, however, be kept separate, as will data from the two experimental years. We will also consider the effects of ESP on the data fro individual subjects. We performed a stepwise multiple regression analysis* whenever the sample size was large enough to permit this who had at least eight ESP session scores. We arrived at the following four types of analysis of our data, in decreasing order of generality: * Stepwise multiple regression analysis is the most wide used of multivariable in the life has in making ercomens effected Dy & tnullivade.of interacting variables socestibte to: reenereh. it also has its limitations, especially in the use of probability estimates. cance: 1) for the pry neler i popes i fine : use testing; or screening 0! tant i She ti it paper we have primarily used the second icati The F-test and probabilities associated with these tests are exact and i *, econ aorta rabies. ‘That ithe pest levels weocated with the tests reported depend i u sequential selection procedure Gehicti hes fiseis Gaoctitved cleowinare (15), ‘Peete ie ho freren ns tian cowertl Gas OF the statistical test applied as a screen, as long as one keeps in mind this conditional nature of the blity levels. P some confusion could be avoided if instead of reporting bilities, we re i i the probabilities, and payed sapien die nk denn: an informational measure of association,

38 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research a) Stepwise multiple regression analysis using the first canonical vattie aid the Pa for the total subject sample. (6) Stepwise multiple regression analysis performed separately on psi-hitting and psi-missing, using the factors, for the total subject sample. (ce) Correlation of psi-hitting and psi-missing scores for individual subjects with the subject's factor scores. (d) Correlation of psi-hitting and psi-missing scores for individual subjects with the subject’s scores on cach separate scale item. Analysis (c) where factor scores were used for individual subjects, needs comment. It is mid-way between completely individualized and general analysis, because we used the factors derived from evaluations of the data from all members of the meditation group. In analysis (d), however, the data from a single individual is used as a unit by itself. In 1968, the total subject sample of ESP data consisted of sixty- seven subject sessions (runs) from six subjects on the television test, and twenty-two subject sessions (runs) from two subjects on the slide test. These same six subjects on the television test and two subjects on the slide test are given individual correlational analyses (c) and (d). In the 1969 experiment, the total subject sample for the television test included 16] subject sessions from fifteen subjects. The slide test total subject sample included thirty-five subject sessions from three subjects. Individual correlational analyses were performed for cight of the television test subjects and all three slide test subjects. The number of sessions for the subjects who had individual correlational analyses ranged from cight to sixteen apiece in 1968, and eight to twenty apiece in 1969. There was only one case each year where a single subject took both ESP tests. The Relationship of the First Canonical Variable to the Factors Table 3 gives the significant F values produced for each of the 1968 and 1969 factors in a stepwise multiple regression analysis with the first canonical variable. The F values represent the highest F values attained by each independent variable (factor) in the five steps of the multiple regression analysis. The main trend is appar- ent; the factor of Ratt Transcendence and Openness is significantly related to the ESP scores in three out of the four analyses performed. In our opinion, a definite relationship between ESP and Self- Transcendence and Openness, which cuts through the different subject samples, is indicated. This is the principal and most general finding of the experiment. The factor of Mood Brought to Session had two significant F ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 39 J Table 3 ‘Srerwist Muttirte Recnesston ANALYs18 or THE First Canonical ESP Variasie AND THE Factor Scones Wincn Gave Sicniricant F Ratios por Tus ‘Toran Sunyect Samrpte, 1968 anp 1969 Factor ve | Be core Perl ae Sar Self-Transcendence and Openness Mood Brought to Session Intensification and Change of Consciousness (1968 only) “P=.05. **P=.025. °**P=.01. ****P=.001. values out of four analyses. We would conclude that this factor is of some importance. The factor called Intensification and Change of Consciousness, which appeared in the 1968 but not in the 1969 ss a eae showed a significant relationship with ESP scores y in the television data, It will not be possible to assess the importance of this relationship until the data from our next repli- cation study, now in progress, are analyzed. None of the other factors showed significant relationships with the general ESP measure, the first canonical variable. The canonical correlational analysis also provided a measure of the relationship between the five changed states factors, taken together, and the first canonical variable. This measure is the coefficient of canonical correlation (not to be confused with the canonical variable). It reached significance (.784, P = .025) only for the 1968 slide data. Our interpretation is that the chan states measures taken as a whole do not significantly relate to as measured by our experiment. In other words, not all aspects of the changed states of consciousness affect ESP, but just those subsumed under self-transcendence and mood brought to session. This analysis, our most general, docs not permit us to determine the direction (positive or negative) of the change in ESP connected with the factors. The canonical variables for each of the four anal- yses (slide data 1968 and 1969; television data 1968 and 1969) represent different combinations of psi-hitting and psi-missing, and it would unduly complicate the picture to consider these weights and their algebraic signs as they relate to other variables. Our separate analyses for psi-hitting and psi-missing will show

40 ournal of the American Society for Psychical Research how the factors relate differently to these effects, and will also give the direction of the relationships. Psi-Hitting and Missing Related to the Factors Results from the stepwise multiple regression analysis of psi- hitting and psi-missing and the factor scores from the total subject sample are given in Table 4. Certain important differences between Table 4 Stepwise Muvtivce Reoression ANALysts or Pst-Hrrrinc AND Missinc Scores AnD THE Factor Scores Waict Gave Sronmicant F Ratios ror THe Torat Supjecr Samrre, 1968 anp 1969 General Success of Medita- tion 1969 Success of Medita- tion 1969 (curvilinear) *P=.05. **P=.025. ***P=.0]. (A)= 1 al 2 = 3 Be: Baie Malle? C-Ine this table and Table 3, which gives the results using the canonical variables, should be noted. In Table 4, but not in Table 3, the F ratios either represent positive relationships with the ESP measures or have negative signs. F ratios, of course, do not have algebraic signs, but we have added them after deriving the direction of the ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 41 relationships with ESP from the beta statistic, which is given by the stepwise multiple regression analysis along with the F ratios, Table 4, but not Table 3, also includes the results from the analysis of the curvilinear component of the factor scores. We performed this analysis of the data from the 1969 experiment only, to determine whether extremely high or low factor scores related differently to ESP than intermediate factor scores. Finally, in Table 3 the F ratios of the slide data involved results from all judges pooled. However, in the more detailed analysis of Table 4 we are also giving the results from the separate judges. In 1968 we had two judges, in 1969 three. As we explained earlier, we are also using the pooled results of the 1969 judges, but not the 1968 judges, in Table 4 and all subse- quent analyses of psi-hitting and psi-missing. The reader must certainly weigh the results differently if only one judge's data show a relationship, rather than two or all judges. Our first question in looking at the separate results from psi- hitting and psi-missing is whether the significant relationships come mainly from psi-hitting or psi-missing. Inspection of Table 4 reveals that this depends on the ESP task. In the television test (excluding the curvilinear relationships) four out of five significant measures come from psi-hitting, which apparently dominates the scene. In the slide data, psi-hitting and psi-missing contribute equally (although there appear to be more F ratios in the slide data from psi-hitting, this must be given less weight because of the use of three judges on the same data), In the television data, good meditation (high factor score) generally increased psi-hitting and decreased psi-missing. In the slide data, however, the relationships were reversed in 1969 from the 1968 results. Individual correlational analysis relating each subject's ESP scores to the questionnaire item scores was also performed. We scanned these correlation coefficients for patterns (see Tables 5 through 8). The direction of the correlations, positive and negative, varied from individual to individual on the same item. Our impres- sion is that the same dimension of meditation experience shifts ESP processes toward psi-hitting in some individuals and toward psi-missing in others. Apparently the gating mechanisms in differ- ent subjects are affected differently by experiences of the same Op However, a striking uniformity in psi-hitting emerged in the | data: the difference between the television test data and the slide test data. All but one of the correlations for psi-hitting are negative (17 negative) in the television data and all are positive in the slide test data (10 positive). This certainly looks like a uniform pattern, rather than a chance relationship in the data from that year. We scanned subjects’ tape-recorded descriptions of their experiences

42 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research during the changed states sessions and testing. We found that 1968 subjects were enthusiastic about the slide test but often felt that the television test was rather monotonous. Perhaps task rivalry was geerating produce the above effect, with the meditation repre- sen favored task in comparison with the television test, but not in comparison with the slide test. We feel that ESP activation and the gating processes intersected in various ways in our experiments, and this must be kept in mind as we turn to the description of correlations within separate factors. To facilitate easier understanding, we will deal with the major replicated factors one by one, first reviewing the effect on psi-hitting and psi-missing for the total subject sample, and then observing how individual subjects’ ESP scores correlated with the particular factor scores. Then we will look at correlations between the individual subjects’ ESP scores and questionnaire item scores. Self-Transcendence and Openness Self-Transcendence and Openness is a factor which we might expect to relate to ESP: the feeling of transcending self-boundaries might indeed be awareness of an effective ESP contact with the environment. It is the most stable of our factors and also is the factor most strongly associated with ESP as measured by the canon- ical variable (Table 3). In the analysis of the total subject sample which separates psi-hitting and psi-missing (Table 4), the television test data met our expectations: there was a decrease in psi-missing and an increase in psi-hitting with high scores on this factor. How- ever, the slide data show a positive relationship between psi-missing and Self-Transcendence and Openness. At this point we can only say that scores on this factor are associated with ESP effects as we measure them, but that it is not possible to predict whether they will be expressed in psi-hitting or psi-missing. Gating to psi- missing and psi-hitting (Fig. 1) appears to be unrelated to the factor of iat Tragscenttenss and Openness. Table 5 summarizes the data relating Self-Transcendence and Openness with ESP when the individual subjects are taken sepa- rately, It contains both the correlations of the individual subjects’ r scores with ESP, and also the correlations between the subjects’ scores on the particular scale items which load highly on this factor and ESP scores. By grouping the individual scale item correlations according to the factors in which the scales have high loadings, we provide a framework in which the results from these measurement units (items) can be seen in the larger Perspective of the factors. P and Changed States of Consciousness 43 Table 5 OPeNNess Stonwicant Correrations wetTween INpivipvaL Sunyects’ Pst-Hrrrinc anp Misstnc Scores AND Factor AND Item Scores, 1968 anp 1969 Television Data Slide Data —.487* —.710* — 514* —.865** —.792° 598 *(A) —,.592 ofa -735* (C) | —.568*(A Unity with group: oe bahar z —649"* 661 1B —725*(D) |\—.702**(A) ar si yng 8 “0 od =i) {S730 —.629*(D) | |.678**(D) e i bject on one item are placed in braces. ats Peo (A)= Judge 1 (B)= Judge 2 (C)= Judge 3 (D) = Judges combined Inspection of Table 5 shows that the factor scores of individual subjects have very little relationship to ESP. The correlations of their individual item scores with ESP show one clear trend with egard to the television data: many (nine) correlations in 1968 and Ey two in 1969. Let us remember that we found no sence general relationship (for the total subject seeple) in 1968 the television test and self-transcendence, but a rather strong Telationship in the 1969 data (Table 3). The individual correlations might give a clue as to why there was no general trend in 1968: strong individual patterns emerged which were opposite to the eral trend—the more self-transcendence, the more hitting and less missing. It is rather puzzling to see that the individual self- transcendence scores often correlate positively with psi-missing (which we didn’t expect) and negatively with psi-hitting (which we also didn’t expect). We performed an analysis segregating the Most important items directly describing self-transcendence:

44 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research “openness and closeness with group members,” “merging with them,” “oneness with the external.” This analysis accentuate even more that reversal trend: four positive and one negative correlations with psi-missing, the opposite of what we expected. There were four negative and no positive correlations for psi- hitting, which again is the opposite direction. A possible explana- tion for this can be found in the taped reports from some subjects, where a greater openness was also experienced as a greater vulner- ability. It appears that while intense self-transcendence did open the organism to incoming ESP signals, these signals did not always pass directly the ‘gates to consciousness” but the subject's response was shifted away from psi-hitting to psi-missing. Mood Brought to Session Mood Brought to Session is our most stable factor, which shows the most internal consistency. Let us recall that the multiple regression analysis with canonical variables (Table 3) showed two significant relationships of this factor with ESP: the 1968 television data and the 1969 slide data. Separate analysis of psi-hitting and psi-missing (Table 4) indicates that the television test scores were positively related to psi-hitting; in the slide data (Judge A) there was a curvilinear positive relationship. The linear component of the factor score was not significantly related to ESP. This s that positive and negative moods in their extremes strongly affected psi-hitting in the total subject sample. There is no general trend for psi-missing. able 6 gives the correlations from individual subjects on this factor. The individual correlations in the television data have the opposite trend to that in the pooled data from the total subject sample: negative correlations with both psi-hitting and psi-missing. Out of the thirteen individual correlations, twelve are negative. There are very few correlations with the slide data. If we give a weight of one-half to each judge's correlation in cases where the data from all of the judges do not correlate, we obtain three and one-half negative and no positive correlations: just the reverse of the television test data. Apparently the influence of the mood brought to session is task specific in individuals where it is strongly expressed, i.¢., who achieved significant correlations as individuals. For the less interesting television test, the good mood shrinks the score in both directions, hitting and missing. In the slide test, the relationship is more straightforward. Apparently task rival is again a factor in the television data. These relationships with the two ESP tasks are complex, which is understandable. The mood which is brought to the session probably does not remain the same ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 45 Table 6 pte damage mith dive ts aol Sroniicant CORRELATIONS mETWEEN IvipvaL Supyects -Hirrrinc Missino Scores AnD Factor anp Item Scores, 1968 anp 1969 + Correlations for a single *P=05. **P=.01. (D) = Judges combined after the meditation, but it definitely seemed to influence the changed ‘states experience and therefore the subsequent ESP test. j i placed in braces. m(A)— Judge 1. (B)= Judge 2 (C)= Judge 3 The factor analysis indicated the Meaning aig as the ird stable factor of chan states experience. However, our oa analysis of association Eowsen this ferioe and EGP (Table 3) did not produce any significant F ratios. This suggests to us that the results of other analyses involving the meaning dimension have to be interpreted with more caution than the results of the factors which were significant in the primary analysis. However, a close look ‘at the results of the analyses of psi-hitting and psi-missing, as well as correlations of individual subject data, suggested patterns which “might be very important for understanding the psi-information Processing system. Of course the acceptance or rejection of these patterns would depend on verification in uent experiments, In the analysis of the total subject sample (‘Table 4), both psi-

46 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research hitting and psi-missing were significantly related to eaning Dimension in 1969, but not in 1968. The general on pias the more meaning experience scored, the more psi-hitting and the less psi-missing. It is a reasonable trend toward hitting and away However, the picture is quite different when we look at individual subjects’ correlations between ESP and the meaning fact - ble 7). The first impression is that there are strikingly fiwet OL Table 7 Meantnc Dimension Stonmricant CorneraTions BEeTweEn INDIVI P Mussine Scores anp Factor anp sot ‘Scone idee Pee ay —_ 1968 Factor Score 1968 Item Score: Visual im: relevant P insights of presence —.767*(A)* a TNO) —.825**(D) —.689%( OO Aenean Pe inem are pleced in braces, 2 (C)=Judge 3 "P=.05. **P=.01. = - (Dy Judges Bea Judge | (B)=J vidual correlations with this factor than with the other stab It appears as if some aspects of the meaning experience sss flow of ESP. There is quite a difference between the correlations of the television test and the slide test data. All correlations with the television test are negative, indicating a kind of filtering out process; i.c., high scores on the meaning dimension shrink both specks of ESP (psi-hitting and psi-missing). On the slide data, 4 positive and negative correlations occur which might be opened to gating mechanisms. It Reach to us that the relevancy ot might have been at work in the television test. We suspect that when the meaning dimension is aroused in changed states, L¢., when subjects are grappling with the basic meaning of their ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 47 lives, ESP stimuli become relatively insignificant and might not pass the relevancy filter (Fig. 1). This seemed to be more true of the television test, where the square matrix used as stimulus has no intrinsic meaning. The slide test seems to be rather unaffected by the relevancy filter. Most subjects experienced the content of the slide pictures as meaningful. A closer look at the items which correlated with the Meaning Dimension reveals that the item gars Ng primary processes (visual images) correlated positively with . However, the items which emphasize secondary processes of thought (deep insights, thoughts felt as relevant) produced nearly exclusively negative correlations. We would not generalize too far, but it might well be that images are the vehicles for ESP and thinking the antidote for it. We feel the Meaning Dimension might turn out to be very important for ESP experiments, in providing insights on the operations of the relevancy filter and how to circumyent it. Non-Replicated Factors Table 8 gives the correlations between ESP and the scores of individual subjects on the factors which were not replicated over the two experimental . It also gives the correlations with the items comprising the fectors. They will be considered one by one. Table 8 Non-Rerircatep Factors Sianwicant CorreLations serween Inpivipvat Susyects’ Psi-Hirrinc AND Missinc Scores AND Factor AND [rem Scores, 1968 anp 1969 .614°(B) a) ations for a single sub toca ere placed ts bescas. Sp arelations ino a fudge 1 By=Judge 2 (C= Judge 3 (D) = Judges combined

48 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Table 8 (Continued) .754*™(C) \ 4 Affirmation of the aaa Ss external Alertness = 306°) 812**(B) Absence of visual images : —.730*(A) 761*(B | esenb) | aeoeKB) -921**(C) -761*(B) .694*(D) Stillness of Mind and withdrawal from the environment are not only the backbone of meditation techniques but are also recom- mended in parapsychological literature for producing ESP in the laboratory. However, here we drew a blank. Neither the canonical variable (Table 3), nor systority Has psi-missing in the total subject sample correlated with factor. There is only one pattern apparent in Table 8. All the correlations in the television data are positive for psi-missing and negative for psi-hitting. ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 49 Forceful Exclusion of Thoughts and Images, a cousin of the 1968 factor Stillness of Mind, is marked with more intensity and willful control. Again, our main analysis using canonical variables did not aaa any significant F ratios (Table 3). In the analysis of psi- j pone aed psi-missing aes all subjects, the ee from only ~ udge in slide data related to psi-hitting (Table 4). Aj this factor, like Stillness of Mind. is not a Bi aie affects the subjects’ ESP. In Table 8, no clear trends are apparent except that there are more correlations with psi-missing than with psi-hitting. Intensification and Change of Consciousness was not a sta factor, but it related significantly to the canonical variable in one out of the two sets of data (the television data, see Table 3). The : te analyses for psi-hitting and psi-missing for the total subject sample somewhat strengthens this finding (Table 4). The factor has significant relationships with both the television and slide data on psi-hitting, and relationships with neither on psi- missing. Again, the Liem pattern of task rivalry emerged: the relationships with psi-hitting were positive for the slide data, and negative for the television data. All the individual item corre- lations (Table 8) are in harmony with this trend, which again gives some support to the possibility that the dimension of this factor might be of some importance for ESP. However, there are not very many significant individual correlations. It appears that the asso- ciation between this dimension of changed states and ESP is rather weak, but reaches significance because it is uniform for most subjects. The factor of General Success of Meditation did not show signif- icant relationships with ESP in our main evaluations. Therefore, our interpretations here too have to be seen merely as hunting for patterns to be confirmed in subsequent research. However, inter- song patterne do emerge. In the data from all subjects, scores on this factor showed a curvilinear relationship with ESP (‘Table 4). This means that mediocre scores on this factor had more relation- ship to ESP than scores at either extreme. A look at individual item correlations in Table 8 provides us with another trend. Correlations from the television test contrast ly with correlations from the Slide test: in the television data all psi-missing correlates negatively and all psi-hitting correlates positively; in the slide test there is nearly a perfect reversal. We will not try to interpret this trend in the present data, but if it emerges again, it be interesting because it is in sharp contrast with the general drift of patterns within other factors, which we have attributed to task rivalry. On the whole, we found that the three stable factors—Self- Transcendence and Openness, Mood Brought to Session, and the Meaning Dimension—were rather strongly associated with ESP

50 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research scoring. In other words, only part of the forest was important; other parts just produced some interesting trees—patterns which are promising and should be watched in future research. AppiTronaL Dimensions or Meprration Dertvep FROM Supyects’ Free Reports There were additional psychological dimensions of meditation which were not brought out in the factor analysis nor in our questionnaire items. These experiences were described in our subjects’ post-session tape recordings of their meditation. The following are examples of these dimensions: Imagery Related to Light There was light, great blinding flashes of li Sey ene Saeco Pere Of light, Ceivelingy this colic ona I saw an intense burst of light, like a 200-watt bulb turned on suddenly in the darkness right in front of my eyes. Images of light may be associated with the emergence of new meanings, new insights, particularly the insight that “all is one” —the unity experience. Some experiences of light may also indicate a perception of a new dimension of reality which is observed fo, the first time, the perception of a reality that underlies all existencer i.¢., the “ground of being” in Huxley’s words (8). Imagery and Sensations Associated with Energy There was a sort of flickering, energetic quality, I felt aware of a radiating energy. I had a feeling that there was an enormous field of golden force. . . The feeling that all the energy was concentrated in one purposeful place was very, very strong. I saw circles of light and dark energy, a central band of dark and looking as through water. And I thought, “Oh yes, is where everything grows.’ Sensations of energy and force appear to be associated with the release of energy from the deeper, unconscious aspects of the self. When, through meditation, the individual’s defenses against unconscious forces are lowered, energy is released and available to consciousness. Such energy is the wellspring of the individual’s creativity, resources, and capacity. ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 51 Depths and Heights Imagery He was going down, down under the sea. Then I saw the instrument panels that he had to use and he was exploring, exp exploring. I finally reached my mountain top and there was the light. Then | found myself looking up and then I thought, Oh my God .- I'm really , 1am up...” and that at the top what seemed like Such imagery con a sense of ing and exploring one’s oases self which is at the same time one’s er self. The sym- bolism suggests an acceptance, an affirmation of a deeper and more elevated experience than one ordinarily has. Imagery Associated with the Body neler Vrsepscrgr dade: Sg a pcan it had been flying up, er. body. . .I had very strange feelings in my body as if I were far away from it. This implies a shift in the individual’s identity. The person’s TR cieneds is felt as no longer limited to and contained in the body. This may involve a detachment of interest in and attention to usual body stimuli and perhaps the body’s defensive armoring. Esthetic Experience saw a roc with a jewel in its beak which changed into a large jewel- like in a blue grotto. . there was a radiance in the grotto. ere was a sensation of stars shimmering down like Ly Then I seemed to be in a beautiful forest with very tall, slender trees covered with red and gold and yellow leaves as if in autumn. I saw carvings in j b of Chinese figurines, but they Decne te large and seemed to fill the whole screen. It was the goddess, Kwan Yin, in white jade and it was beautifully carved. ay I saw a dark scene, a black landscape—around the edges o could see an amethyst light, but it was an amethyst such as I have never seen. It was beautiful... heavenly, this amethyst light, glow, this radiance that surrounded the black blackness. Esthetic imagery is often encountered in meditation, ps ched: and mnystical experiences. Huxley (8) has suggested that this cig. ae reflects a shift in consciousness on the part of the individual from the ordinary, everyday world of common experiences to a new, higher level of awareness.

52 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Feelings of Growth, Development, Creativity I had the feeling that everything was alive and growing. T had the feeling of things being edited away as if the form became more and more perfect, as if it were a very, very polished specimen of some kind that I was becoming. It was a very deep and refreshing Ha tach, tou of the-anel tation. wes when, 1 becares tavelved ta some words that I was thinking about during this week, It’s a sentence from a book: “What an awesome thing it is to feel oneself on the verge of the possibility of really knowing another person.” Such thoughts and feelings rather clearly indicate that the individual is experiencing himself as growing and developing. Imagery Associated with Self-Concept or Self-Role I had the i of a Tibetan monk with whom I identified. I was Cortez leading the men. The ship’s captain was on the bridge. Imagery related to self-role or self-concept generally reflects how the individual views himself in undertaking and experiencing the meditation. Often the roles are of explorers and adventurers suggesting that the meditator affirms the exploration of the deeper aspects of himself as an exciting, pioneering venture. Religious figures are also imaged quite frequently. The nature of the role or self-concept may indicate whether the individual views himself as essentially active or passive in the meditational experience. Peak Experience An example of a peak experience is given in the report of one subject in the meditation group: It with the reading of the of Alfred Noyes. The moment tha Highs ent one | natetcanoouaty ik the bob OF eat case T fae did not exist anymore. The darkness was that of the universe at the beginning. I was part of it and not frightened. Throughout the half-hour I ienced the realization of the meaning of inner-and-outer-one. * human psyche as the cosmos speaking... the oneness of microcosm and macrocosm,’’—all these Seapine Have a ene) mean Se, bee ae Heme ¢ experienced During the experience some thoughts and sensations—these little bits of me—were floating in and out. They were both part of me and not part of me. They were part of this warm darkness. This was a darkness of the beginni ¢ light came. This is where I ee ne wie will be going very shortly, and I was not afraid of it. ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 53 I cannot think of it as the t joy described by the mystics, nothing like that, Just a sense of the way it is—that is the way it is, either joy nor pai i mit felt flonting back and forth in the ocean, like seaweed, in and gut with the. waren, but the 8, nok, Gesccibiog. wel. Whee tees that I ing in and out of the or self, I was moving “ffortlessly back and forth between these two states: the self and the not-self. there was the feeling that they were not really different. That does not make sense now, but that’s how it felt. There was complete cessation of anxiety—“‘angst”’ in the existential sense, and also in the very personal sense of problems—of fear of illness, of loneliness, of death. All these had evaporated. ow tat Lan snormovaly eneried— but Pa tot sa 1 know that I am eno y ut T als ina hours I will be back in ora haa A pulp gy the old problems and fears—but that’s all rig 's the way it is. I experienced a sound which was extraordinary, the sound of a summer night with crickets—a continuous, , sustained hum, Later I thought of the sacred word ““Om"—it might | reer But at the time of the i I did not think of it. This is “the sound of silence,” through me, that it really was the sound peed : body. I have arthritis pains if sit more than fifteen minutes in body position I was using in the meditation, but this time I felt i even 2 ther cough. Tt was the deepest experience I have yet had in meditation. In this extended excerpt from one individual’s meditation, there is presented a variety of plieriicaeta which suggest a radical shift in the person’s way of organizing experience. This appears to involve a shift from one’s usual, everyday way of organizing experience to one in which there occurs a greater integration of the various subsystems of the personality. When this takes place the individual’s experience tends to be more holistic, unified, value centered, and less shallow, dichotomized, judgmental, and ego centered. ; : William James in his Varieties of Religious Experience (9) con- ceptualizes this change in the way of experiencing as a in the center of the personality. Although we could not construct psycho- logical scales which directly tapped this dimension, this complex alteration in personality function did seem to emerge in our qualitative data.

54 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Discussion In these, our first investigations of meditation and ESP, we were necessarily more hypothesis-seeking than hypothesis-testing. There is very little Batre work which is directly relevant to ESP in self-induced d states of consciousness. We could not proceed as in the A.S.P.R. long distance experiments, where decades of parapsychological observation could be utilized in a multivariate design which separated the variable of interest to us from many other factors believed to influence ESP. The experiments described above, like any ESP experiments, were under the influence of a multitude of factors—personality traits, past experiences, personal relationships between subjects and experimenters and among group members themselves, etc. At this stage, they could not all accounted for in the experimental design. However, we do believe that we have identified aspects of the meditational experi- ence which are important for ESP and indicated others as not important. ur factor analyses revealed some basic dimensions of meditation experience, It is important to remember that they are true dimen- sionalities, each having a positive and negative pole. In naming the factors, we emphasized the positive poles, but the actual experiences of subjects fluctuated between the poles, rarely reaching their limiting extremes. We must also not think of the factors as unrelated to each other in an individual experience: the experience is one living whole which is measurable in these factor dimensions but not identical with them. A possible difficulty with our evaluation methods is the assump- tion of the linear nature of the variables, increasing gradually from very little to very much. Tart (personal communication) has pointed out that in changed states of consciousness there is often a rather abrupt shift of consciousness from one level to another. This seems clearly to apply to some of our scale data: for example, the feeling that one is “merging with others” is an unusual phenom- enon which seems to come as a rather abrupt shift. We must also recognize that our factors cannot contain anything which was not fed into the experiment by formulating the scale items. However, the nature of the items was not solely determined by our opinions and theories: they were developed through long exploratory studies and discussions with many members of medi- tation groups, We tried to adjust the items as much as possible to what these individuals considered important and real, and to keep the items in psychological terms which were free from cultural bounds and established belief systems. There remains the possibility that in doing this we left out something essential _ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 55 for describing the actual experience. On the other hand, we still might have retained more of the culture than we bargained for. We feel that the factors which were replicated over the two experi- mental years represent real aspects of the changed states occurring in meditation, but will have to reserve judgment on the other factors. On the basis of our model (Fig. 1) we assumed that ESP would _ be facilitated by a holistic state which produced increased interac- tion—even fusing—between conscious and subconcious processes. However, our ESP tests often required thought and judgment— what Freud called secondary processes—and these somehow seemed to disrupt the conscious-subconscious unity of the changed state. Obvious individual differences were apparent in subjects free report data, Possibly more ESP came through for subjects whose state was less affected by testing procedures, ; There were many instances of apparent spontaneous ESP in the meditation groups, and we think that the disruptive effect of the testing procedures is a major reason why the test results were not equally dramatic. ‘ ; Another unexpected difficulty in our testing procedure was that some subjects felt a conflict between meditation and ESP testing: “task rivalry.” Task rivalry where one aspect of the test is liked and the other disliked is well known in ESP testing and is called the "differential effect.” On the liked task psi-hitting usually, but not always, occurs and on the disliked, psi-missing. This has been demonstrated in tests using double-aspect targets—for example, ESP cards with the symbols in five different colors, In our experi- ments, the meditation itself represented one task, and the ESP test another, Here a “differential effect” scemed to operate as a “‘pref- erential effect”—if the meditation was very gratifying, it became the preferred task, and the ESP test, by contrast, the less preferred. On the other hand, when the meditation experience was rather mediocre, the subjects seemed to enjoy the shift to ESP testing. The resulting trend toward psi-missing with a good meditation is generally stronger in the data from the television test, which subjects reported liking less than the slide test. : : Initially we had hoped to find relatively simple relationshi between altered states of consciousness and ESP. For example, if subjects experienced closeness and even merging with others in the group, we expected that this would be mirrored in a strong telepathic flow of information (many ESP hits). The senalts indicate that this expectation was not neces Meditation experience seems to be related to both psi-hitting and psi-missing in a very complex and often individual manner. Our general im- pression is that the changed states experience does not sway all the

56 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research mechanisms involved in the ESP information system (Fig. 1), although it seems to affect the activation mechanisms. Much ESP appears to be stirred up in some levels of the system, but the fil- —s processes and gating mechanisms often act in an unpredict- manner. Relationship of ESP to Basic Dimensions of the Meditational Expe- rience Self-Transcendence and Openness, our most important factor, is no stranger to modern personality theory; concepts similar to this have been worked out by James, Murphy, Maslow, Deikman, and others. This factor seems to combine the two kinds of openness described by Moriarty and Murphy (14): openness to the external and to the internal world, It seems to indicate both a lowering of the usual boundaries between the self and others (and the external environment) and a lowering of defensiveness between the surface and deeper layers of the personality. Self-Transcendence and Openness proved in the main (canonical) analysis to be the most stable and reliable factor associated with the activation of ESP. In the total subject sample it tends, as expected, to increase the flow of ESP, both in psi-hitting and psi-missing. In the correlations from individual subjects, where the relation- ship must be very strong to reach significance because of the small number of runs, psi-missing is associated with high self-transcen- dence. We think that the gating of ESP in the direction of psi- missing may be due to task rivalry. Another possible explanation might be the arousal of anxiety after the individual achieves a peak state of openness. We have been trained since infancy to keep our defenses up. As Ehrenwald has suggested (6), only the mother- so obscene seems to be the exception to this rule of human vior. The factor of Mood Brought to Session, establishing a baseline from which the changed states experience takes off, is patient and stable. Establishing the baseline is a stock in trade in any psycho- logical research. This is the first time, however, that it has been “op Siege oad Se eeragon experiment. _Our canoni ysis and the analysis of psi-missing and psi- hitting revealed the importance of this bacton: Apparently ‘the feeling level from which subjects start meditation exerts a strong influence on how the changed states experience will correlate with ESP. It appears that beginning the session with either a very good mood or a very bad one produces more effects than does a mediocre or even-keel mood (curvilinear relationships). Individual differ- ences, however, are very marked; that is, for some subjects a bad ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 57 mood makes for good ESP after meditation, while for others a good mood seems best, Finding a Meaning Dimension was also no surprise. The classical meditation literature abounds with examples of grappling with the basic meaning of one’s life. Research with psychedelic drugs has unearthed many aspects of the meaning dimension which often appear to be overpowering in that kind of changed state of con- sciousness. Reintegration of surface personality with deeply felt meaning is a basic characteristic of successful meditation. However, such an illumination does not awaken very much ESP. Our meaning factor does not show any significant results in canonical correlation analysis. There is a general trend in the total subject sample toward increased psi-hitting and decreased psi-missing with higher meaning experience, but it is limited to the 1969 results. Our guess as to why this meaning dimension appears so little in relation to ESP is that it affects the relevancy filter (see Fig. 1). When subjects have experienced something of great importance to pecs: life during the meditation, this tends to overshadow the ESP message and make it seem trivial and irrelevant by comparison. Non-Replicated Factors and ESP The Stillness of Mind factor emerged in our pilot study and again in 1968. It was, however, not replicated in 1969. “Stilling the mind” is, of course, the backbone of the meditational methods of East and West. This stillness is in essence a process of selective activation. What are stilled are the individual's ordinary, everyday interests, concerns, problems, worries, etc. What are activated are the deeper, extraordinary aspects of the individual’s experience. The stillness factor did not appear in the canonical correlation. However, there were individual correlations of the factor loadi with ESP. For example, lack of deep insights was related to psi- hitting on the television test. Subject differences were also present. For some individuals the absence of visual images was to ESP, while for others the presence of imagery was associated with ESP. Complicating the picture even further was the em ce in 1969 of the factor Forceful Exclusion of Thoughts and Images which appeared to be a close relative of the stillness factor. Taken together, the 1968 and 1969 results suggested two distinctly different styles relating to the process of stilling the mind. One is a holistic, inte- grated experience having an intensity of consciousness and little cognitive content. The other is a more forceful, well-disciplined exclusion of content from consciousness. This latter dimension also does not relate to the canonical measure of ESP. According

58 ournal of the American Society for Psychical Research to our model, stilling the mind would decrease the noise level in the ESP information system and thus facilitate psi processing. How- ever, this is not borne out by our experiment. It could well be that this exclusion of content from consciousness continues during the testing and eliminates also the ESP message. A factor entitled Intensification and Change in Consciousness was found in the pilot study and in the 1968 experiment. This factor was not, however, replicated in 1969. The dimension appeared to describe an intensification and qualitative change in certain aspects of consciousness such as positive feelings and perceptual enrich- ment. Our results suggest that this factor has some importance for the activation of ESP, but it has little influence on the gating mech- anism. The ESP thus generated could be expressed in either psi- hitting or psi-missing. We assumed in connection with our model that the arousal and energizing of several co Aaa especially the activation and receptor systems, would important for successful ESP. The canonical variable was significantly associated with the intensification factor, supporting this hypothesis. The factor analysis of the data for three different years showed us quite clearly that the results did not fully describe the meditation experience. There were a number of scale items which floated from one factor to another from year to year, often congregated in what we called a general factor which described the success or lack of success of meditational experience in the session. The General Success of Meditation factor identified in the 1969 data showed a negative relationship with psi-hitting and also a curvilinear negative component. It is hard to interpret from only one experiment, but we strongly suspect that the linear model is not quite adequate for describing changed states of consciousness. It might be that the definite i a shift described by Tart is applicable here. On the other hand, a strongly negative experience during meditation may also be important. It is well known that negative experiences such as crisis situations seem to activate ESP in spontaneous cases (accident and death). On rare occasions meditation might be experienced negatively, like a bad LSD trip. Maslow coined the term “nadir’’ as opposed to “peak”’ experience (13). In fact, one of the highest scores ever achieved on the television test was obtained by a subject who had a nadir experience in the meditation which preceded the test. Negative confrontation with one’s depths might activate ESP as does a positive encounter. JA7E[E = Jom-14°71 ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 59 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK In this experiment we explored self-induced changed states of consciousness and their relationship to ESP. We isolated three stable dimensions of the changed state which were induced by meditation techniques: Self-Transcendence and Openness, Mood Brought to Session, and the Meaning Dimension. We also obtained some evidence of an increase in integration between subsystems of nality during such changed states. In addition, arousal and intensification of experience was indicated as an important dimen- sion of changed states. Ces ’ Correlational analysis revealed ESP activation, which was expressed in both psi-hitting and psi-missing, and was strongly embedded in other variables which influenced ESP scores. In particular, the factor of Self-Transcendence and Openness appears to be important for ESP, and worth cultivation. ; We stumbled upon many complexities related to personality differences, experimental situations, and evaluations. Now that these complexities are recognized, they can be incorporated into an experimental design which would untangle the variables to be investigated from those we do not want to consider. Realizing the importance of interpersonal relationships between “agent and percipient, and possibly oe the whole group, we are exploring this in ongoing studies. Physiological parameters also, as we found in subjects’ self-reports, appeared to be very important in changed states and we are tooling up to include them in our experiments, Thus far, we can avow that the Coven stat, a regarding changed states of consciousness appears to have many grains i truth which can be experimentally Gokited: On the basis of the experimental results described above, we have come to the conviction that further investigation of this type of changed state can help to unravel some of the complexities involved in ESP processes. REFERENCES 1. Atiport, G. W. The Individual and His Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1950; Macmillan Paperbacks, 1960. 2. Brucmans, H. I. F. W. “Une communication sur des expé- riences télépathiques au laboratoire de psychologic & Groningue faites par M. Heymans, Docteur Weinberg et Docteur H. I. F. W. Brugmans.” Le Compte Rendu Officiel du Premier Congrés International des Recherches Psychiques, Copen- hague, 1922, 396-408. For a free translation see G. Murphy

60 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. . Suvctai, U. Mental Radio. London: T. Werner Laurie, 1951. (with L. A. Dale), Challenge of Psychical Research: A Primer of Par . New York: Harper & Row, 1961. . Caporet, R. J. “The Reliable Application of ESP.” of Par. , Vol. 19, December, 1955, 203-227. Dean, E. D. “Plethysmograph Recordings as ESP Responses.” 7 gam ga of Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 2, October, 1966, 439-447. . Detxman, A. “De-automatization and the Mystic Experience.” Psychiatry, Vol. 29, 1966, 329-343. . Enrenwa_p, J. Neurosis in the Family and Patterns of Psycho- social Defense: A Study of Psychiatric Epidemiology. New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper & Row, 1963. . Harman, H. H. Modern Factor ray ga Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. (2nd Edition Revised.) . Huxiey, A. “Mescaline and the ‘Other World.’” In L. C. Cholden (Ed.), Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1956. Pp. 46-50. . James, W. The Varieties of Religious Experience. New Hyde 10. Park, New York: University Books, 1963. Kamrya, J. “Operant Control of the EEG Alpha Rhythm and Some of Its Reported Effects on Consciousness.” In C. T. Tart (Ed.), Altered States of Consciousness. New York: Wiley, 1969. Pp. 507-517. Hiaasen A., AnD Hirat, T. “Science of Zazen.” Psychologia, Vol. 6, 1963, 86-91. LeSuan, = ees a reac sy Theory of the ‘Mocoranhs A Report of Work in Progress.” Parapsychological Monogr No. 9. New York: Parapsychology Foundation, 1969. Mastow, A. H. Toward a EX ad of Being. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand, 1968. Moriarty, A. E., anp Murpuy, G. “Some Thoughts About Prerequisite Conditions or States in Creativity and Paranormal Experience.” Journal A.S.P.R., Vol. 61, July, 1967, 203-218. Morrison, D. F. Multivariate Statistical Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Murpuy, G., anp Murpuy, L. B. (Eds.). Asian Psychology. New York: Basic Books, 1968. NIKHILANANDA, Swami (Trans.). The Gospel of Sri Rama- krishna. New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 1952. Osporne, A. Ramana Maharshi and the Path of Self-Knowledge. London: Rider, 1963. Rute, J. B. “The Problem of Psi-Missing.” Yournal of Parapsychology, Vol. 16, June, 1952, 90-129. ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 61 21. Tarr, C. ED memes Experiences Associated with a Novel Hypnotic ure, Mutual H is.” In C. T, Tart (Ed.), Altered States of Consciousness. New York: Wiley, 1969. Pp. 291-308. 22. Turner, M. E., Jr., ano Osis, K. “A Probability Model for Symbol-Calling Experiments.” Journal AS.P.R., Vol. 64, July, 1970, 303-311. 23. Utiman, M., anp Krrppner, S. “Dream Studies and Tele- thy: An Experimental Approach.” ira = aster 5 Mono- ale No. 12. New York: Parapsychology Foundation, 1970. The Chester F. Carlson Research Laboratory A.S.P.R. 5 West 73rd Street New York, N. Y. 10023

62 journal of the American Society for Psychical Research Aprennix 1A Pre-Sestion Mood Quettionnaire Date 1. I feel happy and I feel ee M . . 2. I feel very tired. ttt Bhs Rowe. & che of greet 1 feel very free and at case. Arrenpix 1B Post-Session Questionnaire Name Date 1, For me the session The session went very saw no visual images experienced many visual 3. My visual i: pe to what My images were relevant to generally wanted to what I, in general, wanted 4. 1 felt extremely wide A My experience was not 5, During the session I marked by a sense of 6. vbr typhi extremely tense M felt relaxed 7. 1 felt an overwhelm- sense of closeness catia arf eeatied group as I did not experience a separating us had of closeness with the been dissolved. 22 —3—2-—2—: —:— others. 8. At no time did I lose sense of my- I experienced self as an individual, ae Unb Ge ee if I became the group and others. me. aa 3 vant to what I gener- The were rele- wanted to achieve vant to I wanted to ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 63 what is me and what the strong sense of demar- is not me were cation between and solving. ss -—:—:—:— the world about me. 13. My insights and ar and mean- 14, At no time did I sense inspiri presence or some power inspiring or power 5.1 struck ; we tohokie beeline At no time did I experience that everything in the a sense of | ion, world is ‘just right." ———1—1— 1 — feeling of “ ; 16. 1 not at all aware At times, I became in- cane or noises tensely ateare of sounds and ’ Whatever A ime ova Whatever hour nag, bound by my con- lowed my 18. My experience during session left me Following session, I completely worn out felt unusually refreshed and this time. St full of energy. 19, i after the During or or ve sei The experience did not ong e.g., bril- seem to involve any changes : , in sensory perception experiences I felt that my experiences = Bence pea food during medivation were considerably during sustained on the same level 21. My experience during 4 the semion carried My get the over to was i erent from what it was Se ee At times I felt that all immer 22, I felt shut off from resources were avail- 23. M f exper- I did not feel any intensifi- Teak tek amet heigh- cation of my way of 24. I had feeling of pat raping oro - feeling of security or pro~

64 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research ESP and Changed States of Consciousness 65 Appendix 2 ay et eae C1967 ory as Aprenpix 3 Significant Correla: between ESP and Questionnaire Item Scores Mion tet Study (1967 D (1967 Data) Factor and Items Factor I: Intensification and Change of Consciousness Refreshed after session Uniqueness of experience o Concentration Love and joy PARAD Vaaao Factor II: Stillness of Mind Laced ensreudie ok nibs Change in PSiioites way 0! Stillness ? > peerres Factor IV: Spontaneity and Enrichment Spontaneity of images in way o! Love and joy Factor V: General Success of Meditation Few thoughts Relaxation Affirmation of the external Concentration PRINTED IN BELGIUM BY THR ST, CATIORDE Proms. TerELor, 37, BRUCE, LTD,